The control centers receive input from chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and aortic arch: the carotid bodies and aortic bodies. Once there is a normal pH detected, the breathing rate slows again to maintain a normal pH and CO2 concentration in your blood. Then blood pH falls, the medullary control center stimulates an elevated breathing rate, to allow more CO2 to be expired. Medullary control centers respond to elevated CO2 indirectly, by responding to a decline in pH as CO2 reacts with water. The normal respiratory rate is 12-18 breaths per minute. Respiratory controls and breathing rateĬhanges in the body’s metabolic demand also cause the respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata and pons to change the depth and rate of breathing to keep concentrations of blood gases, especially CO2 within homeostatic limits. All other parameters being held constant, an increase in the surface area will increase the rate of diffusion and thus decrease the rate and depth of breathing. One factor that influences the rate of diffusion is pulmonary surface area, which may change due to injury or body position.
Any change in the rate of diffusion could produce a change in breathing parameters. The exchange of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane of the lungs relies upon diffusion between the air and the blood. Over time, the amount of oxygen (O2) taken up and carbon dioxide (CO2) given off at the tissues is matched with the amount of O2 taken up and CO2 given off at the lungs.
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